The future of in-store technology

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Grewal, D., Noble, S. M., Roggeveen, A. L., & Nordfält, J. (2020). The future of in-store technology: AI-driven personalization and consumer engagement. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00697-z.

Mots-clés
Technologie en magasin, commodité, présence sociale, vividité, engagement consommateur, personnalisation par intelligence artificielle.

Résumé
Grewal et al. proposent un cadre conceptuel pour analyser l’impact des technologies émergentes en magasin sur l’expérience client et les résultats commerciaux. Ils développent une typologie 2×2 basée sur deux dimensions : la commodité (réduction du temps et de l’effort) et la présence sociale (sensation d’interaction humaine). Cette typologie catégorise les technologies selon leur capacité à simplifier les achats et à créer un sentiment de connexion. Les technologies combinant haute commodité et forte présence sociale (par exemple, miroirs intelligents, réalité augmentée sociale) génèrent une expérience plus vivide, augmentant l’engagement et les ventes. Les auteurs avancent que la vividité, caractérisée par l’imagerie, l’implication et l’élaboration mentale, médie cet effet. Quatre modérateurs (traits des consommateurs, caractéristiques des produits/services, modèles mentaux, réseaux sociaux) influencent l’efficacité des technologies. Ils mettent en garde contre une adoption technologique sans stratégie, qui pourrait ne pas améliorer l’expérience client.

Développement
Grewal et al. (2020) s’appuient sur la théorie de la vividité (Nisbett & Ross, 1980) pour expliquer comment les technologies en magasin influencent les comportements des consommateurs. Leur cadre repose sur une typologie 2×2 qui classe les technologies selon deux dimensions (pages 97–99) :

  • Commodité : Réduction du temps et de l’effort nécessaires pour acheter ou utiliser un produit/service (Berry et al., 2002). Elle inclut cinq sous-dimensions : décision, accès, transaction, bénéfice, et post-bénéfice (par exemple, les caisses automatiques réduisent l’effort transactionnel).

  • Présence sociale : Sensation de la présence d’autrui, même sans interaction physique (van Doorn et al., 2017). Elle peut provenir de technologies simulant une interaction humaine (par exemple, robots incarnés) ou de connexions sociales facilitées par la technologie (par exemple, murs de diffusion de médias sociaux).

La typologie divise les technologies en quatre quadrants (pages 99–105) :

  1. Faible commodité, faible présence sociale (LoCo-LoSo) : Technologies comme les étiquettes de prix numériques ou les machines à parfums, qui offrent peu de bénéfices directs aux consommateurs mais améliorent l’efficacité opérationnelle.

  2. Haute commodité, faible présence sociale (HiCo-LoSo) : Technologies comme les caisses automatiques, les imprimantes 3D, ou certaines applications de réalité augmentée (AR), qui réduisent l’effort sans forte interaction sociale.

  3. Faible commodité, forte présence sociale (LoCo-HiSo) : Technologies comme les murs de diffusion (scatter walls) ou les robots d’inventaire avec traits humains, qui créent une connexion sociale sans grande commodité.

  4. Haute commodité, forte présence sociale (HiCo-HiSo) : Technologies comme les miroirs intelligents, les robots incarnés, ou la réalité virtuelle (VR) sociale, qui combinent commodité et interaction sociale pour maximiser l’expérience client.

Les auteurs soutiennent que les technologies du quadrant HiCo-HiSo génèrent la plus forte vividité (pages 106–107), définie comme une expérience émotionnellement, physiquement, ou temporellement proche (Nisbett & Ross, 1980). La vividité est renforcée par :

  • Imagerie : Les technologies permettent aux consommateurs de visualiser le produit/service de manière plus concrète (par exemple, via AR ou VR).

  • Implication : Les interactions sociales ou interactives augmentent l’engagement des consommateurs.

  • Élaboration : Les informations riches fournies par la technologie favorisent une réflexion mentale approfondie.

Pour illustrer, un miroir intelligent (H&M, page 104) offre une commodité transactionnelle (par exemple, suggestions de style via QR codes) et une présence sociale (interaction via selfies ou conseils personnalisés), créant une expérience vivide qui peut influencer les achats. Les auteurs mettent en garde contre l’adoption de technologies sans considérer leur impact sur l’expérience client, notant que certaines (par exemple, LoCo-LoSo) sont plus bénéfiques pour les opérations que pour les consommateurs.

Quatre modérateurs influencent l’efficacité des technologies (pages 107–108) :

  1. Traits des consommateurs : La propension à adopter les technologies (technology readiness, Parasuraman, 2000) amplifie la vividité pour les consommateurs à l’aise avec l’innovation.

  2. Caractéristiques des produits/services : Les produits hédoniques (achetés pour le plaisir) bénéficient davantage des technologies que les produits utilitaires (Khan & Dhar, 2004).

  3. Modèles mentaux : Le traitement par imagerie (MacInnis & Price, 1987) renforce la vividité en stimulant les sens.

  4. Réseaux sociaux : Les liens sociaux forts (Granovetter, 1985) augmentent la confiance dans les technologies via des recommandations partagées.

Les auteurs proposent six propositions (pages 107–108) :

  • P1–P2 : Les technologies HiCo-HiSo génèrent plus de vividité (imagerie, implication, élaboration) et de ventes que les autres quadrants.

  • P3–P6 : Les modérateurs (readiness technologique, produits hédoniques, imagerie, liens sociaux forts) amplifient l’effet des technologies sur la vividité.

Ils concluent en soulignant le besoin de recherches futures sur l’impact tactile, les interactions avec les employés, et les effets négatifs potentiels des technologies (par exemple, perte de contact humain, page 109).

Conclusion
L’article de Grewal et al. offre une contribution significative en proposant une typologie 2×2 pour catégoriser les technologies en magasin et un cadre conceptuel reliant commodité, présence sociale, et vividité aux résultats commerciaux. La vividité, médiatrice clé, explique comment les technologies influencent les préférences et les achats des consommateurs. Les modérateurs identifiés enrichissent le cadre en tenant compte des variations individuelles et contextuelles. Les auteurs appellent à une adoption stratégique des technologies, en évitant leur introduction sans valeur ajoutée pour l’expérience client. Cet article pose les bases pour des recherches futures sur l’évolution des technologies en magasin et leurs impacts sur les comportements des consommateurs.

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