Responsive Web Design

Author(s) : Ethan Marcotte

The Responsive Design

 

Internet, and its interface is growing very rapidly and create innovations every day. However, they must confront regularly to various constraints.

We can now ask how the web, this new platform is based on our knowledge? But also how a site fits our various tools such as smartphone or tablet? 

These two hypotheses will help us to develop the concept of "Responsive Design".


On the one hand "The Web", this new digital world has its own codes. However, its principles are derived from real domains.

1. In a first step, we will look to its interface

The creator of the website has to choose his own canvas in order to spread its "desires", his work as an artist who expresses his emotions. The word "canvas" retains its full meaning here, we can even extend its sense and compare the "web" to a "cobweb" because it is composed of yarns that make up the network. This thread will allow the spider to catch its prey and live. The canvas of this website approaches this significance because the creator of a website will make every effort to ensure that his site is attractive and should be the subject of targeted research. That will generate the flow. Having special offers, they will push the consumer to buy. The site will live with his income.

 

Web


  • In addition, we can see that in a website, there are: titles, headings, paragraphs, etc.. These words impose real code to this flexible surface. By imposing this, website’s creators allow the user to simply understand their digital platform. The user will know by a a glance the theme of the site with his name, he has a brief description in the search page and will even offer to click on "sub-categories". This can be compared to a book, when the title is vague, the reader have to read the back cover to quickly understand the theme of his book. Here, the principles of the printing are applied.

 
Internet succeeded in democratize and simplify its interface by borrowing terms already known.


 2. Now we will look at the construction of the website to be visible by any tool.


  • The interface of a website is composed of headings, columns, tabs, banners etc.. All this, is set up through the work of webdesigner. He has a role of architect but specializes in ergonomics, aestheticism’s websites. Previously internet was dedicated "solely" to computers. Therefore, each page website could have a larger or smaller size according to the screen type and its resolution. It should be flexible in order to adapt to each screen to avoid bad ergonomics. It’s necessary that the user finds the site "fun" to watch. For example: if the site is improperly sized, the user must scroll the page from the left to the right in order to have a global vision of the site. This will be unpleasant, and he will leave very quickly the website.
structure of a web page
Today with our new technological devices such as smartphone or tablet, the question about the ergonomics of a website is crucial.
 
It’s at this level that we will talk about "Responsive Design": it’s an adaptation of a website’s interface for each device technology. 
 

There were in 2011 about 40 million users (Fevad, 2011) in France. Knowing that 12% of French (= 3 million) have already made purchases from their mobile. This figure is small today but tends to develop in several years. For this reason adapting a website for mobile and tablet is a real challenge, especially in terms of development for the company and optimization.

We will develop the concept of "Responsive Design".


  • A website is "Responsive" when it adapts to any screen (resolution), either a computer screen, smartphone or tablet.

 

  • Responsive design
  • resolution

     

     

     

    •  The user must be able to navigate without a problem. When this is not effective, the user can not feel any pleasure and will be restricted. Some web designers decided to create a website for each tool, but when users want to share the mobile URL with a friend or colleague who receives it in his mailbox. He will be confronted with the ergonomics "mobile" on his computer. Reading the site will require more effort for the person and she will be incommoded by the format.
    • Mobile webpage on a computer

    • Then, the site is "Design" because in addition to adapt to any type of resolution, it must be ergonomic. The navigation will be different between a computer and a smartphone. Thus, columns, headings and other tabs have a different position. It is necessary for user interface is attractive, but also ergonomic.

    responsive design

    Finally, by joining the two words: "Responsive + Design" we access a concept that simplifies the user experience and enables businesses to be seen and read anytime, anywhere.

    To conclude, the "Responsive Design" comes of the adaptation of our internet tools. As explained earlier internet has its codes. Then, the sphere must be flexible, able to adapt a second time to new technological devices.
     
    Now internet is available anytime but especially anywhere with any tools.


    Buzz Building : 7 Steps to Social Media Marketing Success

    Author(s) : Silverpop | Engagement Marketing Solutions

    Buzz Building – 7 Steps to Social Media Marketing Success

    Introduction: In 2012, customers and prospects spent more and more time on social networks,
    which are now a major marketing method for companies. If you can gather customers and
    prospects around your brand, it means that you are doing your job well and you can be optimistic
    about future sales. If you can’t be, Silverpop brings you 7 steps to teach you how to build the
    right “buzz” on the Internet.

    Hypothesis: What do you need to create a great social marketing campaign, bring new customers
    and gather them around your brand to keep them and help you to sell ?

    1 – Determine your goals and your strategy
    Stop focusing on tactical metrics: don’t believe. Think about the reason why you’re using social
    media: acquisition or retention tool? Start small and surely: when you feel comfortable with
    social media, then you can look for a precise objective. How to do it right? Don’t communicate
    like a robot, with untimely ads (you can hire a community manager) but involve people who are
    enthusiastic and driven.

    2 – Understand your market
    Choose your social network according to the habits of your prospects/customers. The key to marketing success on social media is the ability to target communities and customers that align best with your content.
    Allocate your resources wisely by understanding customer social behavior. Directly ask the
    customer their preferences via surveys or go directly inside the community (not only the big ones,
    small ones are important as well). Also look for resources on the web.

    3 – Align execution with key channels
    Go further than “Twitter or Facebook?” debates. Integrate messages in every social channel.
    Invite customers to choose their preferences, push them to be involved on every social network
    you’re on (use their emails, spread the word on twitter…) because this how you’re going to get a
    maximum impact. Customers are going through different networks all day long and by taking an
    integrated multichannel approach, your message will have many more chances to reach them. Just
    be careful to maintain a focused and uniformed message. Encourage sharing, make specific and
    global campaigns.

    http://7.mshcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/social-media-content-strategy-225.jpg4 – Create content that connects (with people and networks)
    Content is king in the way that the more it’s relevant, the more it will be effective. 100,000
    fans who can’t share valuable content are not as useful as 50,000 fans that can. To optimize this
    content, follow these three rules: lose the corporate speak (stop selling, start being human and
    transparent when you’re speaking), deliver valuable educating content and be consistent (have a
    regular cadence, tweet/post everyday to be sure to be seen).

    5 – Engage the marketplace
    Going viral is the dream of every marketer and here are a few tips to maximize your chances of
    doing so: build a solid seeding social network and community with the help of your valuable/
    fun (a social network needs to be fun and not boring. It’s meant to be time-consuming) content.
    Listen and respond to the community that you’re monitoring, don’t forget to seed to content with
    articles which will generate reactions and conversation around the topic!

    6 – Identify and Enable Influencers and Fanshttp://www.luclesperance.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/CM.jpg
    Social media is at its best when you have customer to customer relations and the company isn’t doing anything in appearance. Identify brand ambassadors (Track them by key data) who are going to tweet or respond to questions instead of you. Ninety percent of people are going to trust them (it’s a study), so these ambassadors can have a huge impact. Obviously you’re not going to meet only brand enthusiasts and in this case, you need to resolve problems on a case-to-case basis. Also, don’t forget to treat your ambassadors well if you want them to become more loyal and invested.

    7 – Monitor social activity
    It’s great to be invested in social networks, but it’s important to know how effective your effortsare. You need to quantify your performances, improve your understanding of customers andprospects, learn to be more efficient in your programs (for example if something worked in acampaign especially on twitter, you can try to make a twitter-only campaign with this thing). Use analytics tools from your social network provider to monitor your efforts Question yourselves:where have we made mistakes, what’s efficient? Asking yourself these types of questions willhelp you to evaluate your progress and go to the next level.

    Conclusion: The key to succeeding in social networks is to retain the customers who are goingto help bring new ones. This goes by several important points to never forget: the content is thepriority, you have to push the customers to “work” for you. Monitoring social activity also gives you a competitive advantage.

    Mobile phone problems

    Author(s) : Jan Lauren Boyles and Lee Rainie

    Mobile Phone Problems

     

    Despite the many benefits they can bring, cell phones are causing many disadvantages for the personal life of their users. 

    Indeed, because of some intrusions into their mobile phones, owners cell may find them faced with unwanted services.

    The Pew Internet Project (PIP) decided to do some search upon this subject in order to discover what are the main problems caused by mobile phones.

    This is an organization which explores the impact of internet on children, families, communities, work place, schools, health care and civic or political life. It’s an initiative of the Pew Research Center that provides informations on the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world.

    In a survey of April 2012, the PIP has identified the major problems faced by mobile phone users. This study was conducted only within the United States population through phone calls.

    In responding to this survey, the American public has allowed PIP to list several negative factors, but four of them are cited by most Americans. These four main problems are:

    dropped calls

    unwanted sales and marketing calls

    spam and unwanted texts

    slow download speeds

    To detect these problems, the questions asked by the PIP were really focused on the unwanted aspect of intrusions.

     

    According to this survey, some 88% of American adults have cell phones, some 79% of cell phone owners say they use text messaging on their cells and some 55% of cell phone owners say they use their phones to go online to browse on Internet, exchange emails, or download apps.

    This study also showed that the users of smartphones are more affected by these problems. This is particularly because these phones have more functions and possibilities.

    Moreover, the survey revealed a difference between the different populations of the United States. Indeed, the results show that African-Americans and Hispanics are more affected by these problems than white people. This could be because they are more likely to use only their cell phone to call and get on the Internet (based on PIP).

     

    CONCLUSION

    As a conclusion, we can say that cell phones have become essential tools for everyday life. They are part of the technological revolution of the 21st century and evolve more over the years. However, the disadvantages of technical and personal orders also made their appearance.

    Now the challenge is to ensure the safety of users while minimizing the problems they face with their cell phones.

    Top 10 Need to Knows About Social Networking and Where it is headed.

    Author(s) : ComScore

     

     

     

    With the widespread adoption of the Internet around the world came the rise of social networking as a global phenomenon.In March 2007, Social Networking as a category had a global audience of less than 500 million users, representing just 56 percent of the world’s online population.

     
    Hypothesis: 
     
    1. Social Media is the World’s Most Popular Online Activity
    2. Social networking behavior both transcends and reflects regional differences around the world
    3. The importance of Facebook cannot be overstated
    4. Microblogging is a disruptive force
    5. Local social networks are making inroads globally
    6. It’s not just young people using social networking anymore-it’s everyone
    7. Communications are going Social
    8. Social networking leads in online display advertising in the US, but lags in share of dollars
    9. The next disrupters have yet to be decided
    10. Mobile devices are fueling the social addiction

    Results:

    1. Social networking sites now reach 82 percent of the world’s online population, representing 1.2 billion users around the world. Social networking’s emergence is the amount of time people currently engage with it. In October 2011, Social Networking ranked as the most popular content category in worldwide engagement,accounting for 19 percent of all time spent online.

    2. The total time spent by users on social networking grew by at least 35% over the past year, for each region. (North America, Latin America, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific). United States is the region where the percentage of online population using social networking is the biggest: 98%, contrary to China who reach a 53% rate. Moreover, women spend more hours on social networking than men: 6,5h for her and 5h for him.

    3.There are another social network around the world like Orkut in Brazil.This social network has more visitors than Facebook ( 35 againts 30 for Facebook).

    4.The three most mircoblogging as Tumblr,twitter and Sina Weibo (Chinese leader ). Twitter reaches 1 in 10 Internet users worldwide to rank among the top social networks, and posted an impressive growth rate of 59 percent over the past year. Sina Weibo and Tumblr have posted the highest growth rates of the Top 20 global social networks.

    5. As global social networking usage continues to expand, there is another trend worth noting, which is a shift in geographic footprint of some of the major sites Linkedin exceeds myspace and becomes the fourth global networks.

    6. Even more striking, in regions such as North America and Latin America, Social Networking reached at least 93 percent of online users age 55 and older. Another group showing significant gains are males. Although males still lag in terms of reach and engagement with social networking,
    they exhibited a nearly 10-percentage point increase in reach from July 2010. 
     
    7. Teenagers and young adults age 15-24 use more social networking (34%) than instant messengers (-42%) and Email (-22%) between July 2010 and October 2011. It’s possible that social networking could become the most important communication channel across all age groups

    8. Social Networking has maintained a significant lead over other categories in the past year, even outpacing Portals – which spans multiple content categories including News, Sports and Email – with its 19 percent share of display ad impressions.

    9. Google+ was the more faster than other social networking like facebook or twitter. Indeed, 25millions global unique visitors were on Google+ less than a month. Facebook and twitter took more than one year. Sina Weibo exhibited the highest growth rate for audience size over 2010 at 181% and Tumblr with a 172% increase. Microblogging could emerge as a pivotal force shaping the future of social networking behavior.

    10. From a technology standpoint, mobile devices represent the future of social networking as they provide the means for users to connect on-the-go, facilitating real-time interaction.
    European markets (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom), nearly a quarter (24 percent) of the total mobile population reported engaging with their social networks on their mobile devices.

    Conclusion: 

    This report shows that two key factors drive the web with positive impact on marketing, people lives and business.
    During the rise of mobile networks has a positive impact on social networks, pushing the world to used it. These social networks show then explicit and implicit information that we don’t know about us.

    The impact of using social networks at the service of sustainable development and its use by professionals

    Author(s) : Réseau Femmes et Développement Durable (FDD)

     For the past 15 years, the world has witnessed the phenomenon of social networks. Social networks are difficult to define, one could say it is a huge sharing and strengthening social ties between people (around the center of similar interests …). Networks were quickly integrated into the challenges of sustainable development, thanks to a predominantly digital innovation. Therefore, the use of social networks by professionals is increasing. Thus, it would be interesting to ask:
    – How social networks are building around sustainable development for professionals?
    – Does social networks may transform the behavior of users?
    – What are the benefits and the risks in terms of communication?
    1. Social networks and sustainable development
     
    Crédit Agricole has launched a project to integrate students with disabilities easier in companies. The goal is to find new ways of collaboration with disabilities and learn to work together, to improve communication for the generations coming. Social networks appear as the most effective and viral communication tool.
    Crédit Agricole has proposed a challenge to 50 students by asking them to imagine a strategy of integration for the disabled people. The results showed that social networks are fundamental; it allows multiple sources of inspirations and sharing.(example of a tutorial about social networks and sustainable development. Please see the Youtube link)
    There is another example with WiserEarth, a vertical network serving the collective intelligence. There are many associations, communities or organizations dedicated to sustainable development in the world. We must come together to achieve objectives more easily and quickly. It also can help to promote partnerships. Once again, social networks appear to be the ideal solution to get there! Its model is similar than Wikipedia, the internet user can propose its own content, becoming an activist and participating to the changes of communication tools.  The new trend is to be connected, to gather, to collaborate and to grow! It then come an obvious change of the society through the use of new communication tools. This phenomenon is called “connectivism”.
    Connectivism
     
    2. Social networks are changing the behavior of society.
     
    As shown by the phenomenon of “retweet”. We are becoming a zapping generation, because everything is and must be shortened (Example: Twitter and its tweet about 140 characters like a SMS). It is obvious that the information knows an incomparable speed. However, we can wonder about the content’s quality.
    Nowadays, what seems to be more important isn’t the accuracy but the quickness of the exchange. The media “Down to the Earth” from Danone can be an example to understand the issues of professional social networks. This social link was created by Danone and operates on four themes (Nature, Nutrition, and Social Business Ecosystem) on the reputation of the company, in order to be more credible to its consumers. The aim is to have influence thanks to the users’ interaction and to make the platform a reference on the issues covered.
    3. Benefits and risks of using social networks
    Advantages: Using social networks also allows professionals to develop their reputation, and to support or develop expertise on a subject, and to manage their after-sales service (Example: a customer who complains via Twitter is visible by everyone). In addition, a social network can also help to federate its employees and for recruitment. These networks can create new modes of communication such as carpooling, as it facilitates exchanges and also to develop new services. Sustainable development also encourages users to choose virtuous communication. There is the phenomenon of “crowd sourcing”, the content creators have the power to influence business companies (Example: restaurants’ rating, 70% of Internet users rely on it while they don’t know each other). These new means of communication show that the consumer first!
    Risks: There are still some risks associated with this communication. Company credibility cannot be defined by the number of followers or subscribers. The company must continue to listen and accept conversation whatever happens. That is to say, to be reactive and to should remain humble. In addition, it is important to be “transparent” and to accept every comment. It is not recommended to use fake profiles because it is very badly received.
     A facebook page static and “non-living”, for example, can be seen as a company non reactive, with a lack of dynamism.
    Facebook risks
    To conclude, the use of social networks is very beneficial for sustainable development and to improve the image of a company. However, it is necessary to know the advantages and the risks, to define communication objectives, and to manage its presence on selected media.
    Using social networks as an amplifier is a very difficult art but is becoming essential in an era when Internet, “that’s our world”.
    In short, companies who want to use social networks should:
     – Be transparent
     – Accept the conversation / critics
     – To be humble
     – Create content relevant, innovative and authentic

    Le marketing mobile

    Author(s) : IAB France

    Mobile internet evolving

    In our time, Mobile internet is boosted by smartphones which offer a tons of attractive use: stay in touch with his family or friends, get some information, listen to music, take pictures, watch videos, play and of course surf on the internet.

    During the third trimester of 2011, there was  17 millions of smartphone’s users whether 7 millions more than last year. And according to GFK, it should have more smartphones than classic cellphone in 2011.

    In only 3 years, the number of mobinaute increased from 10,7 to 18,3 millions persons and a tier one of them connect to the internet everyday from their mobile.

     

    Mobile Advertising

    Mobile advertising is very effective and especially in field of branding.  According to the experts of MillwardBrown US, they suggest 3 main reasons for this phoenomene:
    – Mobile advertising occupies a large part of the screen which maximizes  the attention and the impact
    – The size of the screen plays a major role because it forces companies to focus on key message, which it benefits  the clarity and comprehension
    – opportunities targeting and interaction are important which reinforces the relevance of the message

    Conclusion

    Mobile advertising is a real opportunity for companies and especially those will be able to adopt their messages. And with the consantly evolving of smartphone, it will be more than useful and effective in a near future.

    From scan to conversion : A guide to QR code landing pages

    Author(s) : i-on interactive, inc.

    Introduction : what is that document about ?

    This document is a guide about QR code landing pages. It provides clarification about the QR code, which can be seen as a weird code at first sight. It also explains how to read a QR code, why its invention will help to improve marketing in another way, and many other questions.

    What is a QR code and where can it be seen ?

    The QR code appeared for the first time on packaging products, marketing brochures, shelters, etc… At first, the majority of people totally ignored this code. It was unknown and only seen without interest. People didn’t really know the meaning of this picture made of pixels in black and white. It is like a traditional barcode but square shaped. The document states that QR code scanning increased more and more between 2010 and 2011. Nowadays, this number keeps growing and QR code is totally part of everyday life.
     
    QR code

    This is what a QR code looks like on a product packaging for instance

    How to read a QR code ?

    QR code can be decrypted thanks to any mobile phone or tablet equipped with a camera and  a special application which can scan QR code. It is very easy to read it : simply point your mobile phone to the code, click to scan and that’s it !
     
    Scan QR code

    QR code is being scanned

    Why QR code has been created ?

    The QR code is a direct link between online marketing and offline marketing. Indeed, it acts as a gateway that enables offline marketing to become an online marketing by redirection. In fact, the person is redirected on online media to learn more about the brand or the product. QR code can display text, contact information, a web page, etc… (Reminder : online marketing is a marketing using Internet tools, unlike the offline marketing denotes the set of marketing techniques used outside the Internet).
    Here are another reasons : QR codes are easy to create and easy to scan. Moreover, they can be scanned anywhere, there’s no limit to where they can be placed. People can also easily bookmark a page from a QR code and return later. The marketing team has to make it easy for them to remember the landing page. For instance, a very short “contact me’’ form, an “email me more” link, or a “bookmark me” button incorporated into your page is efficient.

    Right things to do and secrets to successfully using QR codes

    Here are some rules to follow for a successfully QR code :
    –    If someone scan your QR code, it means that something about your ad or product sparked enough interest that someone wanted to learn more about that specific thing. So it must be up to his expectations and give a rich content, otherwise he will be disappointed. QR codes set up big expectations. They’re new and cool, so people expect that of a landing page. Furthermore, a QR code visitor doesn’t have the same expectations of a landing page than a visitor from an e-mail. The marketing team must be creative and imaginative to make the user experience a truly unique experience.

    –    Of course, the landing page should be optimized for mobile phones and tablets, otherwise the user will not see all the contents clearly. This is called the responsive design.

    Smartphones

    Smartphones today

    –    It is important to show consistency between the advertising of the QR code and the landing page. In fact, the landing page’s language, offer, and visual imagery should match the QR code ad. Doing this reassures people that they are in the right place.

    –    Obviously, stating the offer very clearly before they scan and then giving them what they want after the scan should not be overlooked. The ad has to inform people if they will find customer reviews, a discount, etc… after the scan.

    –    The landing page must load quickly. Most people who stop and scan the QR code are stepping away from what they were already doing. They don’t want to spend five minutes waiting for the landing page; they want to get there now.
     
    Loading

    Loading…

    –    One of the main aim is to focus the communication around its target and place the QR code at strategic locations to affect them.

    Conclusion

    QR landing pages make it possible to turn an offline experience into an online experience. Companies must take advantage of it, creating fun, interactive, memorable landing pages for the users.

    Bibliographie :

    i-on interactive, inc., From scan to conversion : A guide to QR code landing page

    Usability

    Author(s) :

     

    “The power of the web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect” (Tim Berners-Lee founder of World Wide Web (WWW) and W3C, 24 May 2006.)
    This article will help you understand usability which is the ease of use and learnability of a human-made object.

    The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) was set up by the W3C to promote accessibility on the Web. The WAI is attempting to educate people with disabilities on how to navigate on the Web and help developers.
    There are numerous reasons why merchants should aim to improve the accessibility of their website or help disable people; first one concerns the law in many countries (for example in the UK and Europe since 2002); second one concerns social and economic reasons (important market).

    According to INSEE (2001), there are 12 million disable persons in France (1.7 million have visual problems, colorblind) and 2.5 million among them navigates on website. That fact seems to be ridiculous since 8% of 35.3 million of internet users are disabled. This is important for e-marketing and our society in order to develop profits.

    The characteristics of usable website and accessible for all

    One of the core principles of the WAI is to make content on the web available to all regardless of any disability they may have, and propose alternative content.
    A website should be perceptible and unrestricted access. According expert the website has to usable technical to make the navigation easier: 
    – The color should be considering. A useful tool for designers can be found, which provides several different filters that mimic how different types of color-blind users would perceive a website (on colorfilter.wickline.org thank to the URL)
    – Propose content can be perceived to different manner and the text have to have a good contrast and should be resizable (fluid design), in order to facilitate the navigation.
    The level of contrast between foreground and background is important of the website. A high level of contrast will benefit everyone.  Of course the safest option is always black text on a white background or vice versa (Color Contrast Analyser).
     Monochrome can also use which offers color blind visitors a way of easily appreciating your design, even if they can’t necessarily identify the intended colors.
    – The website should including a transcript of the conversation for users to download or read on the site: for example add captioning to the video thank to using speech recognition software, for the visually handicapped (test by youtube: http://captiontube.appspot.com/), these element favored the comprehension in a website.
    – The website must propose a navigation shortcuts to help a keyboard user navigate to certain sections of a website quickly

    Example: Website method especially for color-blind person

    The colorblind have experience affected a decreased ability to distinguish colors from others.
    However, more common cases are an inability to recognize blue/yellow or red/green.

    Hue, Saturation & Brightness
    Modifying the hue, saturation and brightness of colors can help us show definition and allow users to distinguish, without using multiple colors.

    Selecting colors with specialist Tools
    There are a couple of online tools that will allow you to simulate individual colors under color-blind circumstances; these tools offer some insight into what color-blind visitors will see.

    Don’t associate color with feedback
    The color-blind visitors might not make the instant association of color, such as red with danger, suggesting you need to integrate some additional method of warning, or praise.

    Associate the website with the colorblind web page filter
    For a designer who doesn’t know color blind person, a handful of accessibility simulators exists to give a way for colorblind which is Colorblind Web Page Filter.
    Another simulator for previewing what a color-blind audience would see is Vischeck.

    We can conclude that web accessibility joined ergonomics owing to aims also to improve the usability of a computer, the surf all that for disabled people.
    Furthermore, there are many methods very easy to implement one website. Disable person represent a big market.
    It is more important owing to usability will benefit all users of your website not only disable person.

     

    There is still work to do, but the step is hard to climb…

    Bibliography:

    –    Aurélie Bernad (2010), Accessibilité web, Enjeux et Bonnes pratiques

    –    Shaun Cronin (2011), 6 Tips for Improving Website Accessibility, http://webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/general/6-tips-for-improving-website-accessibility/?search_index=2

    –    Connor Turnbull (2011), Designing For, and As, a Color-Blind Person, http://webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/design-theory/designing-for-and-as-a-color-blind-person/?search_index=1

    –    Wikipedia (2012), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability