Augustin Kroell & Aurélien Pinchard

Renata Albergaria de Mello Bandeiraa, George Vasconcelos Goesa, Daniel Neves Schmitz Goncalvesa, Marcio de Almeida D’Agostoa, Cintia Machado de Oliveiraa, Electric vehicles in the last mile of urban freight transportation: A sustainability assessment of postal deliveries in Rio de Janeiro- Brazil, Transportation Research Part D 67 (2019) 491–502

Introduction :

La croissance de la population urbaine et l’essor des activités de commerce électronique augmentent la complexité du dernier kilomètre des livraisons de colis et ses impacts sur l’environnement et la qualité de vie.

Cet article propose une méthode pour évaluer les stratégies mises en place sur le dernier kilomètre de livraison des colis, en prenant compte des enjeux sociaux, environnementaux et économiques. Les recherches effectuées font l’état de la migration des énergies fossiles de propulsion vers des énergies électriques dans les zones urbaines.

Les auteurs ont choisi d’évaluer les alternatives possibles avec l’utilisation des petits véhicules électriques et des vélos cargos. 

Mots clés : dernier kilomètre de livraison, énergies électriques, tricycle electric

Développement:

Dans la stratégie « Distribution by Electric Tricycles » (DET), le messager effectue les livraisons à l’aide d’un tricycle électrique sur tout le trajet. Dans ce cas, le poids limite est la capacité du tricycle (50 kg). Cette stratégie ne nécessite le soutien d’un véhicule léger et l’utilisation d’un « Mobile Depot » (MD). Le messager se déplace du Centre de distribution au premier point de distribution en utilisant uniquement le tricycle. Une fois arrivé sur la zone de livraison, il gare le tricycle et livre à pied. Afin d’évaluer cette alternative, les auteurs ont testé l’utilisation de tricycles électriques dans une zone de distribution postale située dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro pendant deux semaines.

Les recherches menées dans ce document indiquent une tendance vers des alternatives plus durables sur le dernier kilomètre des livraisons urbaines, avec un changement de source d’énergie des véhicules et la réduction de la taille des véhicules, parallèlement à l’adoption de bicyclettes, de tricycles et de VUL.

Dans cette optique, les auteurs ont proposé une procédure d’évaluation qui cherche à concilier les aspects économiques, environnementaux et sociaux dans le choix des alternatives pour les livraisons du dernier kilomètre.

Dans la stratégie DET, il a été vérifié qu’une réduction de 27,9 % du coût total de livraison par itinéraire était réalisée, en plus d’une diminution des gaz à effet de serre. Néanmoins, il est important de souligner que l’entreprise postale devrait envisager une élimination et un programme de recyclage des piles utilisées par les tricycles électriques.

Conclusion :

Les résultats indiquent que l’utilisation de tricycles électriques est une alternative plus réalisable du point de vue économique, les aspects environnementaux et sociaux, n’exigeant aucune incitation publique.

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Table 9

Comparative assessment between DET and AID strategies to TID.

Aspect Indicator (% variation) DET AID

Economic daily cost of the deliveries −28,0% 6,1%

Environmental Tier 2 approach CO2e −98,5% −25%

End-use approach CO2e – −28%

Social <57 27,0% 0%

57≤FC < 64 −43,0% 0%

64≤FC < 77 −95,0% 0%

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