Mangiaracina, R., Marchet, G., Perotti, S., & Tumino, A. (2015). A review of the environmental implications of B2C e-commerce: a logistics perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management.

Mots clefs : e-commerce, durabilité, logistique,

Cette revue traite de l’importance de la durabilité au sein des plateformes e-commerce (BtoC).

L’accélération du commerce électronique entre les entreprises et les consommateurs (BtoC) s’est considérablement développé. Ce succès est dû à plusieurs facteurs tels que la compétitivité des prix (Bruce et Daly, 2010), un gamme de produits plus large (Park et al., 2012) ainsi qu’une expérience client de qualité (Brugnoli et al., 2009).

Pour se faire, les entreprises doivent choisir la meilleure stratégie logistique afin d’adapter l’offre à la demande ainsi qu’un service premium concernant la gestion des retours (Wei et Zhou, 2011).

D’autre part, il existe des facteurs dit « systémiques » qui favorisent le commerce électronique Mangiaracina et al., 2012) tels que la protection des consommateurs, l’adoption de différents systèmes de paiement (Mangiaracina et Perego, 2009).

Du fait des préoccupations environnementales des dernières années,  la durabilité est devenue un facteur de différenciation pour les plateformes électroniques. Parmi les différentes définitions de la durabilité, la plus connue est celle de la Commission mondiale sur l’environnement et le développement « un développement qui répond aux besoins du présent sans compromettre la capacité des générations futures à répondre à leurs besoins.

L’approche de Triple Bottom Line propose 3 composants que doit détenir la durabilité : l’environnement naturel, la société et la performance économique et prendre en compte les personnes et la planète en plus du profit conduit à un résultat plus durable (Elkington, 1994 ; Colicchia et al., 2013 ; Marchet et al., 2014).

L’adoption de la durabilité peut se traduite par la mise en place d’une chaîne d’approvisionnement durable (Meixell et Luoma, 2015). La durabilité est considérée comme un avantage concurrentiel en offrant des valeurs durables et ce tout en permettant aux entreprises d’améliorer leurs opérations et leur croissance Hart et Milstein, 2003 ; Porter et Kramer, 2006).

Sur de la vente au détail, certains facteurs nécessaires à la fabrication et à la distribution des produits peuvent être sources d’une activité logistique environnementale durable liée à l’entreposage ou le transport de ces produits au sein de la chaîne d’approvisionnement (McKinnon et al., 2012).

Cette article s’intéresse également aux services interentreprises (BtoB) dans le cadre du commerce électronique qui n’est à ce jour que très peu documenté.

L’objectif principal est de déterminer l’implication environnementale des commerces électroniques en se concentrant sur les activités logistiques et de transports.

Pour cette étude 56 articles ont été pris en compte pour une étude approfondie. Ces articles sont issus de 38 revues scientifiques sur différents thèmes (environnement, logistique et transport, commerce électronique, etc.). Les résultats obtenus correspondre à l’essor du commerce électronique aux Etats-Unis, Japon, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne et Chine (les principaux marchés).

Certaines observations générales ont été relevées notamment sur liées à l’augmentation des camionnettes et des véhicules à carburant rejettent plus de CO2 que d’autres plus grand (avec l’expansion du commerce en ligne) (Allen et Browne, 2010). Dans un second temps,les livraisons ratées provoquent des effets supplémentaires dues à des trajets supplémentaires pour le retour des produits. Le mode de consommation indique que les acheteurs privilégient plusieurs sites interne pour l’achat de produit distinct, ce qui constitue une multitude de livraisons au même point. Un problème récurrent ressort également au sein d’un même détaillant qui possède plusieurs entrepôts, selon les commandes il peut y avoir des livraisons distinctes.

Les emballages sont très nocifs pour l’aspect environnemental. En effet, le commerce électronique BtoC a un impact nocif puisque les emballages concernent souvent quelques produits uniquement. Ils ne concernant pas un fort volume de produits par exemple (Borggren et al., 2011 ; Van Loon et al., 2014).

La conception du réseau de distribution constitue un facteur important dans la durabilité du commerce électronique BtoC. Les points de collecte permettent de limiter les déplacements des livreurs en un point centralisé ce qui réduit considérablement les distances totales de déplacement (par exemple, Taniguchi et Kakimoto, 2003 ; Weltevreden et Rotem-Mindali, 2009).

Des indicateurs ont été utilisées pour mesurer les impacts environnementaux : « utilisation de l’énergie », « émissions de gaz », « déchets générés » et « kilométrage du trafic ». Plus de 60% des articles étudiés font un comparatif entre l’achat en ligne et l’achat traditionnel.

En ce qui concerne le premier indicateur de la consommation d’énergie, les impacts du commerce électronique ont montrés que les effets environnementaux étaient moindres avec une hypothèse de 35% de taux de retour sur l’industrie du livre américaine et japonaise Matthews et al. (2001).

Pour le second indicateur lié à l’émission de gaz, les activités de transport est le plus souvent  analysé puisque l’on considère qu’il constitue la majorité des émissions dans le cadre de la durabilité (Edwards et al., 2010 ; Weber et al., 2010). En fonction des modes de livraisons, celles-ci peuvent s’avérer positives pour l’environnement comme négatives vis-à-vis des achats en magasin si le réseau de distribution n’est pas optimisé. Les invendus sont étroitement liés aux émissions puisqu’ils constituent des flux supplémentaires entre le magasin et les entrepôts (Matthews et al., 2001). Les retours créent également des flux supplémentaires, ils peuvent représenter jusqu’à 30% ce qui n’est pas négligeable pour mesurer la durabilité entre les deux modèles (traditionnel et e-commerce) (Wiese et al., 2012).

La production des déchets provient principalement des emballages pour l’éxécution et la livraison des produits dans le commerce électronique Matthews et al. (2001).

Enfin, certains articles relatent les « pratiques vertes » avec l’utilisation de système de transport alternatif par exemple (hybride, électrique) (González-Benito et González-Benito, 2006 ; Jumadi et Zailani, 2010 ; Lieb et Lieb, 2008). L’arrivée des drones par Amazon permettrait d’instaurer un système innovant concernant la livraison du dernier kilomètre.

Conclusion : Cette étude a permis de corroborer la littérature existante sur le fait que 4 domaines des opérations logistiques du commerce électronique BtoC avaient un impact sur l’environnement (entreposage, emballage, réseau de distribution et gestion du transport). Les 4 indicateurs utilisés ont été pour démontrer l’implication environnementale du commerce électronique BtoC (consommation d’énergie, émissions de gaz, les déchets et le kilométrage parcouru).

References

Abukhader, S.M. and Jönson, G. (2003), “The environmental implications of electronic commerce: a critical review and framework for future investigation”, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 460-476.

Abukhader, S.M. and Jönson, G. (2004), “E-commerce and the environment: a gateway to the renewal of greening supply chains”, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 274-288.

Abukhader, S.M. and Jönson, G. (2008), “Eco-efficiency in the era of electronic commerce – is there a need for adopting ‘eco-effectiveness’?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 1 No. 7, pp. 801-808.

Allen, J. and Browne, M. (2010), “Vans and the economy”, project report, Commission for Integrated Transport.

Aronsson, H. and Brodin, M.H. (2006), “The environmental impact of changing logistics structures”, International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 394-415.

Borggren, C., Moberg, A. and Finnvreden, G. (2011), “Books from an environmental perspective – part 1: environmental impacts of paper books sold in traditional and internet bookshops”, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 138-147.

Bruce, G.M. and Daly, L. (2010), “Innovative process in e-commerce fashion supply chains”, in Edwin Cheng, T.C. and Tsan-Ming Choi (Eds), Innovative Quick Response Programs in Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 227-241.

Brugnoli, G., Mangiaracina, R. and Perego, A. (2009), “The ecommerce customer journey: a model to assess and compare the user experience of the ecommerce websites”, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 1‐11.

Cairns, S. (2005), “Delivering supermarket shopping: more or less traffic?”, Transport Reviews: A Transnational Transdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 51-84.

Carrillo, J.E., Vakharia, A.J. and Wang, R. (2014), “Environmental implications for online retailing”, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 239 No.3, pp. 744-755.

Carter, C.R. and Rogers, D.S. (2008), “A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 360-387.

Carter, C.R., Kauffman, L. and Michel, A. (2007), “Behavioral supply management: a taxonomy of judgment and decision-making biases”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 37 No. 8, pp. 631-669.

Colicchia, C., Marchet, G., Melacini, M. and Perotti, S. (2013), “Building environmental sustainability: empirical evidence from logistics service providers”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 59, pp. 197-209.

Durand, B. and Gonzalez-Feliu, J.G. (2012), “Urban logistics and e-grocery: have proximity delivery services a positive impact on shopping trips?”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 39, pp. 510-520.

Edwards, J.B., McKinnon, A.C. and Cullinane, S.L. (2010), “Comparative analysis of the carbon footprints of conventional and online retailing: a ‘last mile’ perspective”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 103-123.

Edwards, J.B., McKinnon, A.C. and Cullinane, S.L. (2011), “Comparative carbon auditing of conventional and online retail supply chains: a review of methodological issues”, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 57-63.

Elkington, J. (1994), “Towards the sustainable corporation: win-win-win strategies for sustainable development”, California Management Review, Vol. 36, pp. 90-100.

Evans, P.F. and Camus, L. (2010), “Western European Online Retail Forecast, 2009-2014”, available at: www.forrester.com/Western+European+Online+Retail+Forecast+2009+To +2014/fulltext/-/E-RES56543 (accessed November 12, 2013).

Farag, S., Schwanen, T., Dijst, M. and Faber, J. (2007), “Shopping online and/or in-store? A structural equation model of the relationships between e-shopping and in-store shopping”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 41 No. 2, pp. 125-141.

Fitcher, K. (2002), “E-commerce, sorting out the environmental consequences”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 25-41.

Fulton, K. and Lee, S.E. (2013), “Assessing sustainable initiatives of apparel retailers on the internet”, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 353-366.

Gay, R.H., Davis, R.A., Phillis, D.T. and Sui, D.Z. (2005), “Modeling paradigm for the environmental impacts of the digital economy”, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 61-82.

Ghadge, A., Dani, S. and Kalawsky, R. (2012), “Supply chain risk management: present and future scope”, International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 313-339.

Ghezzi, A., Mangiaracina, R. and Perego, A. (2012), “Shaping the e-commerce logistics strategy: a decision framework”, International Journal of Engineering Business Management, Vol. 4 No. 13, pp. 1-13.

Golicic, S., Boerstler, C. and Ellram, L. (2010), “‘Greening’ transportation in the supply chain”, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 47-55.

González-Benito, J. and González-Benito, O. (2006), “The role of stakeholder pressure and managerial values in the implementation of environmental logistics practices”, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 44 No. 7, pp. 1353-1373.

Hart, S.L. and Milstein, M.B. (2003), “Creating sustainable value”, Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 56-67.

Hesse, D. (2002), “Shipping news: the implications of electronic commerce for logistics and freight transport”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 211-240.

Hossain, A. (2002), “E-commerce and sustainability: concepts, issues and experiences”, Pakistan Journal of Information and Technology, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 188-192.

Jumadi, H. and Zailani, S. (2010), “Integrating green innovations in logistics services towards logistics service sustainability: a conceptual paper”, Environmental Research Journal, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 261-271.

Kim, J., Xu, M., Kahhat, R., Allenby, B. and Williams, E. (2009), “Designing and assessing a sustainable networked delivery (SND) system: hybrid business-to-consumer book delivery case study”, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 181-187.

Lenz, B. (2003), “Will electronic commerce help to reduce traffic in agglomeration areas?”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 1858 No. 3, pp. 39-46.

Lieb, K.J. and Lieb, R.C. (2010), “Environmental sustainability in the third-party logistics (3PL) industry”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 40 No. 7, pp. 524-533.

Lieb, R.C. and Lieb, K.J. (2008), “The North American third-party logistics industry in 2008: the provider CEO perspective”, Transportation Journal, Vol. 49 No. 2, pp. 1-25.

Lim, H. and Shiode, N. (2011), “The impact of online shopping demand on physical distribution networks: a simulation approach”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 41 No. 8, pp. 732-749.

Lin, C.Y. and Ho, Y.H. (2008), “An empirical study on logistics service providers’ intention to adopt green innovations”, Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 17-26.

McKinnon, A., Browne, M. and Whiteing, A. (2012), Green Logistics: Improving the Environmental Sustainability of Logistics, Kogan Page, London.

McKinnon, A.C. (2010), “Product-level carbon auditing of supply chains (environmental imperative or wasteful distraction?)”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 40 Nos 1-2, pp. 42-60.

McLeod, F., Cherret, T. and Song, L. (2006), “Transport impacts of local collection/delivery points”, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications: A Leading Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 307-317.

Mangiaracina, R. and Perego, A. (2009), “Payment systems in the B2c e-commerce: are they a barrier for the online customer?”, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 1-16.

Mangiaracina, R., Perego, A. and Campari, F. (2012), “Factors influencing B2c e-commerce diffusion”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 65, pp. 311-319.

Marchet, G., Melacini, M. and Perotti, S. (2014), “Environmental sustainability in logistics and freight transportation: a literature review and research agenda”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 25 No. 6, pp. 775-811.

Matthews, H.S. and Hendrickson, C.T. (2003), “The economic and environmental implications of centralized stock keeping”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 71-81.

Matthews, H.S., Hendrickson, C.T. and Soh, D.L. (2001), “Environmental and economic effects of e-commerce: a case study of book publishing and retail logistics”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 1763 No. 1, pp. 6-12.

Matthews, H.S., Williams, E., Tagami, T. and Hendrickson, C.T. (2002), “Energy implications of online book retailing in the United States and Japan”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 22 No. 5, pp. 493-507.

Meixell, M.J. and Luoma, P. (2015), “Stakeholder pressure in sustainable supply chain management: a systematic review”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 45 Nos 1/2, pp. 69-89.

Meixell, M.J. and Norbis, M. (2008), “A review of the transportation mode choice and carrier selection literature”, International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 183-211.

Mokhtarian, P.L. (2004), “A conceptual analysis of the transportation impacts of B2C e-commerce”, Transportation, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 257-284.

Mollenkopf, D., Stolze, H., Tate, W. and Ueltschy, M. (2010), “Green, lean and global supply chain strategies”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 40 Nos 1/2, pp. 14-41.

Mouratidis, H. and Cofta, P. (2010), “Practitioner’s challenges in designing trust into online systems”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 65‐77.

Mulpuru, S. (2013), “The state of retailing online 2013: key metrics and initiatives”, available at: www.forrester.com/The+State+Of+Retailing+Online+2013+Key+Metrics+And+Initiatives/ fulltext/-/E-RES89902 (accessed October 30, 2013).

Natarajarathinam, M., Capar, I. and Narayanan, A. (2009), “Managing supply chains in times of crisis: a review of literature and insights”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 39 No. 7, pp. 535-573.

Ngai, E.W.T. and Wat, F.K.T. (2002), “A literature review and classification of electronic commerce research”, Information & Management, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 415-429.

Park, E.J., Kim, E.Y., Funches, V.M. and Foxx, W. (2012), “Apparel product attributes, web browsing, and e-impulse buying on shopping websites”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 65 No. 11, pp. 1583-1589.

Park, M. and Regan, A. (2004), Issues in Home Delivery Operations, University of California, Transportation Center, Los Angeles, CA.

Peng, L., Li, Q. and Zhang, X. (2005), “Optimism or pessimism: environmental impacts of the e-commerce”, Environmental Informatics Archives, Vol. 3, pp. 263-269.

Perego, A., Perotti, S. and Mangiaracina, R. (2011), “ICT for logistics and freight transportation: a literature review and research agenda”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 41 No. 5, pp. 457-483.

Pettit, S. and Beresford, A. (2009), “Critical success factors in the context of humanitarian aid supply chains”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 39 No. 6, pp. 450-468.

Plepys, A. (2002), “The grey side of ICT”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 22 No. 5, pp. 509-523.

Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R. (2006), “Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 84, pp. 78-92.

Primerano, F., Taylor, M.A.P., Pitaksringkarn, L. and Tisato, P. (2008), “Defining and understanding trip chaining behavior”, Transportation, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 55-72.

Punakivi, M. and Saranen, J. (2001), “Identifying the success factors in e-grocery home delivery”, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 156-163.

Punakivi, M., Yrjölä, H. and Holmström, J. (2001), “Solving the last mile issue: reception box or delivery book?”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 427-439.

Reijnders, L. and Hoogeveen, M.J. (2001), “Energy effects associated with e-commerce: a case study concerning online sales of personal computers in the Netherlands”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 62 No. 3, pp. 271-282.

Rizet, C., Cornélis, E., Browne, M. and Léonardi, J. (2010), “GHG emissions of supply chains from different retail systems in Europe”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 6154-6164.

Rodiguez-Ardura, I., Meseguer-Artola, A. and Vilaseca-Requena, J. (2008), “Factors influencing the evolution of electronic commerce: an empirical analysis in a developed market economy”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 18-29.

Romm, J. (2002), “The internet and the new energy economy”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 131-152.

Rotem-Mindali, O. (2010), “E-tail versus retail: the effects on shopping related travel empirical evidence from Israel”, Transport Policy, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 312-322.

Rotem-Mindali, O. and Salomon, I. (2007), “The impacts of e-retail on the choice of shopping trips and delivery: some preliminary findings”, Transportation Research Part A, Vol. 41 No. 2, pp. 176-189.

Shao, T. and Liu, Z. (2012), “How to maintain the sustainability of an e-commerce firm? From the perspective of social network”, International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organizations, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 212-224.

Siikavirta, H., Punakivi, M., Kärkkäinen, M. and Linnanen, L. (2003), “Effects of e-commerce on greenhouse gas emission: a case study of grocery home delivery in Finland”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 83-97.

Sivaraman, D., Pacca, S., Mueller, K. and Lin, J. (2007), “Comparative energy, environmental, and economic analysis of traditional and e-commerce DVD rental networks”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 77-91.

Srivastava, S.K. (2007), “Green supply-chain management: a state-of-the-art literature review”, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 53-80.

Sui, D.Z. and Rejeski, D.W. (2002), “Environmental impacts of the emerging digital economy: the e-for-environment e-commerce?”, Environmental Management, Vol. 2 No. 29, pp. 155-163.

Taniguchi, E. and Kakimoto, Y. (2003), “Effects of e-commerce on urban distribution and the environment”, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5 October, pp. 2355-2366.

Tehrani, S.M. and Karbassi, A.R. (2005), “Application of e-commerce in local home shopping and its consequences on energy consumption and air pollution reduction”, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science Engineering, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 247-250.

Tehrani, S.M., Karbassi, A.R., Ghoddosi, J., Monavvari, S.M. and Mirbagheri, S.A. (2009), “Prediction of energy consumption and urban air pollution reduction in e-shopping adoption”, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 898-903.

Teo, J.S.E., Taniguchi, E. and Qureshi, A.G. (2012a), “Evaluating city logistics measure in e-commerce with multi-agent systems”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 39, pp. 349-359.

Teo, J.S.E., Taniguchi, E. and Qureshi, A.G. (2012b), “Evaluation of distance-based and cordon- based urban freight road pricing in e-commerce environment with multi-agent model”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2269, pp. 127-134.

Thornton, R.V. and Ferrone, R. (2001), “The environment, e-commerce, and sustainability”, Environmental Quality Management, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 85-91.

Tiwari, S. and Singh, P. (2011), “E-commerce: prospect or threat for environment”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 211-217.

Van Loon, P., Deketele, L., Dewaele, J., McKinnon, A. and Rutherford, C. (2014), “A comparative analysis of carbon emissions from online retailing of fast moving consumer goods”, Journal of Cleaner Production, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.060, available at: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.060

Velásquez, M., Ahmad, A.R. and Bliemel, M. (2009), “State-of-the-art in e-commerce carbon footprinting”, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 1-21.

Venus, L.Y. (2011), “Green management practices and firm performance: a case of container terminal operations”, Resources, Conservation and, Recycling, Vol. 55 No. 6, pp. 559-566.

Wang, L. and Yu, Y. (2012), “E-commerce promote the development of low-carbon economy in Jilin Province”, Information Technology Journal, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 462-465.

Wang, Y. and Lalwani, C.S. (2007), “Using e-business to enable customised logistics sustainability”, International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 402-419.

Weber, C.L., Koomey, J.G. and Matthews, H.S. (2010), “The energy and climate change implications of different music delivery methods”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 754-769.

Wei, Z. and Zhou, L. (2011), “Case study of online retailing fast fashion industry”, International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 195-200.

Weltevreden, J.W.J. and Rotem-Mindali, O. (2009), “Mobility effects of b2c and c2c e-commerce in the Netherlands: a quantitative assessment”, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 83-92.

Wiese, A., Toporowsky, W. and Zielke, S. (2012), “Transport-related CO2 effects of online and brick-and-mortar shopping: a comparison and sensitivity analysis of clothing retailing”, Transportation Research Part D, Vol. 17 No. 6, pp. 473-477.

Williams, E. and Tagami, T. (2003), “Energy use in sales and distribution via e-commerce and conventional retail: a case study of the Japanese book sector”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 99-114.

Winter, M. and Knemeyer, A.M. (2013), “Exploring the integration of sustainability and supply chain management: current state and opportunities for future inquiry”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 18-38.

World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Wygonik, E. and Goodchild, A. (2011), “Evaluating CO2 emissions, cost, and service quality trade- offs in an urban delivery system case study”, IATTS (International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences) Research, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 7-15.

Xu, M., Allenby, B., Kim, J. and Kahhat, R. (2009), “A dynamic agent-based analysis for the environmental impacts of conventional and novel book retailing”, Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 43 No. 8, pp. 2851-2857.

Yang, L. and Zhang, Y.Z. (2010), “Empirical study on evaluation of regional agri-food logistics capability in e-commerce environment based on factor analysis – a case study of Hebei Province”, Chinese Business Review, Vol. 9 No. 12, pp. 38-43.

Yi, L. and Thomas, H.R. (2007), “A review of research on the environmental impact of e-business and ICT”, Environmental International, Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 841-848.

Zanni, A.M. and Bristow, A.L. (2010), “Emissions of CO2 from road freight transport in London: trends and policies for long run reductions”, Energy Policy, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 1774-1786.

Zhang, L. and Zhang, Y. (2013), “A comparative study of environmental impacts of two delivery systems in the business-to-customer book retail sector”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 407-417.