Marchand, A., Hennig-Thurau, T. (2013). “Value Creation in the Video Game Industry: Industry Economics, Consumer Benefits, and Research Opportunities”. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27, pp. 141-157

Idée / Dominante : La création de valeur au sein de l’industrie du jeu vidéo.

Résumé : Cet article fait un état de l’art sur l’industrie du jeu vidéo. L’auteur propose un cadre conceptuel expliquant le processus de création de valeur pour le consommateur et l’entreprise au sein de ce secteur.

La première composante de ce cadre est l’environnement de jeu. Il s’agit des principaux acteurs du secteur : producteurs de jeux vidéo, constructeurs de systèmes de jeu et joueurs. Le second composant de ce cadre regroupe les circuits de distribution (physiques et digitaux) et les circuits de communications qui permettent le lien entre producteurs de jeux et consommateurs.

A ces deux composants principaux s’ajoutent 3 institutions ayant une influence sur la création de valeur dans le secteur. Les autres industries de divertissement influencent le jeu vidéo, par exemple le cinéma génère du contenu qui inspire les créateurs de jeux, produisant ainsi des adaptations de films en jeu. Du fait du nombre croissant de jeux développés chaque année, la technologie à travers les systèmes de recommandations permet aux joueurs de trouver les jeux qu’ils leur conviennent. Les consommateurs ont également une influence sur les décisions d’achat d’autres consommateurs à travers les recommandations et le bouche à oreille. Enfin, Les jeux ont un impact sur la personnalité des joueurs, ainsi c’est donc aussi la société dans son ensemble qui doit être inclue dans ce cadre conceptuel.

---

Note d’intérêt : L’article expose les nombreuses motivations du consommateur à jouer aux jeux vidéo qui sont autant de pistes à explorer pour notre sujet : challenge, curiosité, fantaisie, compétition, éveil, amusement, interaction sociale, compétence, autonomie, auto-efficacité.

Considérant l’importance croissante que prennent les biens virtuels et contenus additionnels au sein du l’industrie, l’auteur pose une question cruciale pour notre étude : l’achat de biens virtuels par les joueurs est-il motivé par les mêmes raisons que celles qui poussent le joueur à jouer ? La compétence, l’amusement, les gains pécuniaires et l’autorité visuelle sont mis en avant comme raisons possibles mais sans faire le lien avec les motivations incitant le consommateur à jouer. Il s’agit du seul article académique où la notion de DLC est abordée.

Détaillant le challenge comme motivation, il introduit le concept de flow : un état psychique qui se traduit par un engagement total et une attention intense dans le cadre d’une activité. Selon lui le jeu vidéo est une situation de flow. Le joueur se sent mentalement transporté dans un environnement virtuel et s’identifie à l’avatar qu’il contrôle. Cet attachement émotionnel qu’a le joueur pour l’avatar contrôlé est d’autant plus intéressant pour notre sujet que les contenus téléchargeables permettent souvent au joueur d’aller plus loin dans la personnalisation de son avatar.

Enfin il décrit la manière dont l’industrie tente de limiter le marché de l’occasion, par exemple en conditionnant l’accès au mode online à l’utilisation d’un code de contenu téléchargeable à usage unique. Ce type de contenu téléchargeable limitatif doit être examiné dans notre étude.

---

Références :

Acquisti, Alessandro and Sarah Spiekermann (2011), “Do Interruptions Pay
Off? Effects of Interruptive Ads on Consumers’ Willingness to Pay,”
Journal of Interactive Marketing, 25, 4, 226–40.

Activision (2011), Call of Duty®: Modern Warfare® 3 Sets All-Time Record for the
Biggest Entertainment Launch. Press Release. Activision Publishing, Inc.
[available at http://investor.activision.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=623056]).

Alarkon, Walter (2008), Obama Runs Ads in ‘Madden. The Hill. http://thehill.
com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/campaigns/41660-obama-runs-ads-inmadden).

Anderson, Craig A. (2003), Violent Video Games: Myths, Facts, and
Unanswered Questions. Psychological Science Agenda. October, http://
www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2003/10/anderson.aspx).

Anderson, Chris (2006), The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling
Less of More. New York: Hyperion.

——— (2010), Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving
Something for Nothing. London: Random House.

Anderson, Craig A., Akiko Shibuya, Nobuko Ihori, Edward L. Swing, Brad J.
Bushman, Akira Sakamoto, Hannah R. Rothstein, and Muniba Saleem
(2010), “Violent Video Game Effects on Aggression, Empathy, and
Prosocial Behavior in Eastern and Western Countries: A Meta-Analytic
Review,” Psychological Bulletin, 136, 2, 151–73.

Ante, Spencer E. (2012), Apps Make Leap From Phones to Toys. The
Wall Street Journal [available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000
872396390443545504577563032483689136.html]).

Barnett, Jane and Mark Coulson (2010), “Virtually Real: A Psychological
Perspective on Massively Multiplayer Online Games,” Review of General
Psychology, 14, 2, 167–79.

Basuroy, Suman and Subimal Chatterjee (2008), “Fast and Frequent:
Investigating Box Office Revenues of Motion Picture Sequels,” Journal of
Business Research, 61, 7, 798–803.

Bavelier, Daphne, C. Shawn Green, Alexandre Pouget, and Paul Schrater
(2012), “Brain Plasticity Through the Life Span: Learning to Learn and
Action Video Games,” Annual Reviews of Neuroscience, 35, July, 391–416.

Bélisle, Jean-François and H. Onur Bodur (2010), “Avatars as Information:
Perception of Consumers Based on Their Avatars in Virtual Worlds,”
Psychology and Marketing, 27, 8, 741–65.

Binken, Jeroen L.G. and Stefan Stremersch (2009), “The Effect of Superstar
Software on Hardware Sales in System Markets,” Journal of Marketing, 73,
2, 88–104.

Blattberg, Robert C. and John Deighton (1996), “Manage Marketing by the
Customer Equity,” Harvard Business Review, 74, 4, 136–44.

Bodapati, Anand V. (2008), “Recommendation Systems with Purchase Data,”
Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 1, 77–93.

Boyle, Elizabeth A., Thomas M. Connolly, Thomas Hainey, and James M.
Boyle (2012), “Engagement in Digital Entertainment Games: A Systematic
Review,” Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 3, 771–80.

Brasel, S. Adam and James Gips (2011), “Media Multitasking Behavior:
Concurrent Television and Computer Usage,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior
and Social Networking, 14, 9, 527–34.

Cheung, Gifford and Jett Huang (2011), “Starcraft from the Stands:
Understanding the Game Spectator,” CHI ’11 Proceedings of the 2011
Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vancouver,
BC, Canada: ACM. 763–772.

Chou, Ting-Jui and Chih-Chen Ting (2003), “The Role of Flow Experience in
Cyber-Game Addiction,” Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6, 6, 663–75.

Clements, Matthew T. and Hiroshi Ohashi (2005), “Indirect Network Effects
and the Product Cycle: Video Games in the U.S., 1994–2002,” The Journal
of Industrial Economics, 53, 4, 515–42.

Cole, Helena and Mark D. Griffiths (2007), “Social Interactions in Massively
Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Gamers,” Cyberpsychology & Behavior,
10, 4, 575–83.

Colwell, John and Makiko Kato (2003), “Investigation of the Relationship
Between Social Isolation, Self-Esteem, Aggression and Computer Game Play
in Japanese Adolescents,” Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 2, 149–58.

Connolly, Thomas M., Elizabeth A. Boyle, Ewan MacArthur, Thomas Hainey,
and James M. Boyle (2012), “A Systematic Literature Review of Empirical
Evidence on Computer Games and Serious Games,” Computers in
Education, 59, 2, 661–86.

Corts, Kenneth S. and Mara Lederman (2009), “Software Exclusivity and the
Scope of Indirect Network Effects in the U.S. Home Video Game Market,”
International Journal of Industrial Organization, 27, 2, 121–36.

Coulson, Mark, Jane Barnett, Christopher J. Ferguson, and Rebecca L. Gould
(2012), “Real Feelings for Virtual People: Emotional Attachments and
Interpersonal Attraction in Video Games,” Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 1, 3, 176–84.

Cox, Joe (2013g), “What Makes a Blockbuster Video Game? An Empirical
Analysis of US Sales Data,” Managerial and Decision Economics. http://
dx.doi.org/:10.1002/mde.2608 (forthcoming).

Crandall, Robert W. and J. Gregory Sidak (2006), Video Games: Serious
Business for America’s Economy. Entertainment Software Association
Report. http://ssrn.com/abstract=969728).

Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1997), Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.
New York: Basic Books.

De Prato, Giuditta and Jean-Paul Simon (2011), The Book Industry.
MCI Workshop 2. http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/MCI/documents/
09.GDepratoMCI271111bookv32.pdf).

Debeauvais, Thomas, Bonnie A. Nardi, Cristina V. Lopes, Nicholas Yee, and
Nicolas Ducheneaut (2012), “10,000 Gold for 20 Dollars: An Exploratory
Study of World of Warcraft Gold Buyers,” Proceedings of the Foundations
of Digital Games Conference 2012, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Dhar, Tirtha, Guanghui Sun, and Charles B. Weinberg (2012), “The Long-Term
Box Office Performance of Sequel Movies,” Marketing Letters, 23, 1, 13–29.

Dubé, Jean-Pierre H., Günter J. Hitsch, and Pradeep K. Chintagunta (2010),
“Tipping and Concentration in Markets with Indirect Network Effects,”
Marketing Science, 29, 2, 216–49.

Dye, Matthew W.G., C. Shawn Green, and Daphne Bavelier (2009),
“Increasing Speed of Processing With Action Video Games,” Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 6, 321–6.

Elberse, Anita and Bharat Anand (2007), “The Effectiveness of Pre-Release
Advertising for Motion Pictures: An Empirical Investigation Using a
Simulated Market,” Information Economics and Policy, 19, 3–4,
319–43.

Eliashberg, Jehoshua, Anita Elberse, and Mark A.A.M. Leenders (2006), “The
Motion Picture Industry: Critical Issues in Practice, Current Research, and
New Research Directions,” Marketing Science, 25, 6, 638–61.

ESA (2012a), Industry facts. Entertainment Software Association (accessed
May 5, 2012), [available at http://www.theesa.com/facts/index.asp].

———(2012b), 2012 Sales, Demographics and Usage Data—Essential Facts
about the Computer and Video Game Industry Market Report. Entertainment
Software Association [available at http://www.theesa.com/facts/pdfs/
ESA_EF_2012.pdf].

Ferguson, Christopher J. (2010), “Blazing Angels or Resident Evil? Can Violent
Video Games Be a Force for Good?,” Review of General Psychology, 14, 2,
68–81.

——— and Cheryl K. Olson (2012), “Friends, fun, frustration and fantasy:
Child motivations for video game play,” Motivation and Emotion, 37, 1,
154–64.

——— (2013), “Violent Video Games and the Supreme Court,” American
Psychologist, 68, 2, 57–74.

——— and Stephanie M. Rueda (2010), “The Hitman Study,” European
Psychologist, 15, 2, 99–108.

Feshbach, Seymour and Robert D. Singer (1971), Television and Aggression.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.

Fischer, Julia, Nilüfer Aydin, Andreas Kastenmüller, Dieter Frey, and Peter
Fischer (2012), “The Delinquent Media Effect: Delinquency-Reinforcing
Video Games Increase Players Attitudinal and Behavioral Inclination
Toward Delinquent Behavior,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1, 3,
201–5.

Gaudiosi, John (2012), New Reports Forecast Global Video Game Industry Will
Reach $82 Billion By 2017, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/
2012/07/18/new-reports-forecasts-global-video-game-industry-will-reach-82-
billion-by-2017/.

Gentile, Douglas A., Edward L. Swing, Choon Guan Lim, and Angeline Khoo
(2012), “VideoGame Playing,Attention Problems, and Impulsiveness: Evidence
of Bidirectional Causality,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1, 1, 62–70.

Goldsmith, Jill (2012), Movie Spending to Rise 3.1%: PwC Report: Global
B.O. to Rise 6.3% a Year by 2016. Chicago Tribune, http://articles.
chicagotribune.com/2012-06-12/entertainment/sns-
201206121025reedbusivarietynvr1118055374-20120612_1_spendingrise-
media-outlook.

Green, Melanie C. and Timothy C. Brock (2000), “The Role of Transportation
in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives,” Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 79, 5, 701–21.

———, Timothy C. Brack, and Geoff F. Kaufman (2004), “Understanding
Media Enjoyment: The Role of Transportation into Narrative Worlds,”
Communication Theory, 14, 4, 311–27.

Greitemeyer, Tobias and Silvia Osswald (2010), “Effects of Prosocial Video
Games on Prosocial Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
98, 2, 211–21.

Gretz, Richard T. (2010a), “Hardware Quality vs. Network Size in the Home
Video Game Industry,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76,
2, 168–83.

———(2010b), “Console Price and Software Availability in the Home Video
Game Industry,” Atlantic Economic Journal, 38, 1, 81–94.

——— and Suman Basuroy (2013g), “Why Quality May Not Always Win:
The Impact of Product Generation Life-Cycles on Quality and Network
Effects in High-Tech Markets,” Journal of Retailing (forthcoming).

Hadida, Allègre L. (2009), “Motion Picture Performance: A Review and
Research Agenda,” International Journal of Management Reviews, 11, 3,
297–335.

Hartmann, Tilo, Younbo Jung, and Peter Vorderer (2012), “What Determines
Video Game Use?,” Journal of Media Psychology, 24, 1, 19–30.

Hasan, Youssef, Laurent Bègue, Michael Scharkow, and Brad J. Bushman
(2013), “The More You Play, The More Aggressive You Become: A Long-
Term Experimental Study of Cumulative Violent Video Game Effects on
Hostile Expectations and Aggressive Behavior,” Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 49, 2, 224–7.

Hennig-Thurau, Thorsten, Victor Henning, and Henrik Sattler (2007), “Consumer
File Sharing of Motion Pictures,” Journal of Marketing, 71, 4, 1–18.

———, Mark B. Houston, and Torsten Heitjans (2009), “Conceptualizing and
Measuring the Monetary Value of Brand Extensions: The Case of Motion
Pictures,” Journal of Marketing, 73, 6, 167–83.

———, Edward C. Malthouse, Christian Friege, Sonja Gensler, Lara Lobschat,
Arvind Rangaswamy, and Bernd Skiera (2010), “The Impact of New
Media on Customer Relationships,” Journal of Service Research, 13, 3,
311–30.

———, Caroline Wiertz, and Fabian Feldhaus (2012), “Exploring the ‘Twitter
Effect’: An Investigation of the Impact of Microblogging Word of Mouth
on Consumers’ Early Adoption of New Products,” Working Paper. (http://
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2016548).

———, Stefan Fuchs, and Mark B. Houston (2013), “What’s a Movie
Worth? Determining the Monetary Value of Motion Pictures’ TV rights,”
International Journal of Arts Management, 15, 3, 4–20.

Herrewijn, Laura and Karolien Poels (2013), “Putting Brands into Play:
How Game Difficulty and Player Experiences Influence the Effectiveness
of In-Game Advertising,” International Journal of Advertising, 32,
1, 17–44.

Hirschman, Elizabeth C. and Morris B. Holbrook (1982), “Hedonic Consumption:
Emerging Concepts, Methods and Propositions,” Journal of Marketing, 46, 3,
92–101.

Hoffman, Donna L. and Thomas P. Novak (2009), “FlowOnline: Lessons Learned
and Future Prospects,” Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23, 1, 23–34.

Hull, Jay G., Ana M. Draghici, and James D. Sargent (2012), “A Longitudinal
Study of Risk-Glorifying Video Games and Reckless Driving,” Psychology
of Popular Media Culture, 1, 4, 244–53.

Huntemann, Nina (2000), Game Over: Gender, Race & Violence in Video
Games. Media Education Foundation. http://www.mediaed.org/assets/
products/205/transcript_205.pdf).

Jeong, Eui Jun, Corey J. Bohil, and Frank A. Biocca (2011), “Brand Logo
Placements in Violent Games,” Journal of Advertising, 40, 3, 59–72.

Jin, Seung-A Annie (2011), “‘I Feel Present. Therefore, I Experience Flow:’ A
Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Flow and Presence in Video
Games,” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55, 1, 114–36.

Johnson, Bobbie (2009), How Tetris conquered the world, block by block. The
Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/gamesblog/2009/jun/02/
tetris-25anniversary-alexey-pajitnov).

Karniouchina, Ekaterina V. (2011), “Impact of Star and Movie Buzz on Motion
Picture Distribution and Box Office Revenue,” International Journal of
Research in Marketing, 28, 1, 62–74.

Kelly, Tadhg (2013), What Games Are: The Reviewers Are Wrong About
OUYA. TechCrunch. http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/06/what-games-are-thereviewers-
are-wrong-about-ouya/).

Kim, Yongjae and Stephen D. Ross (2006), “An Exploration of Motives in Sport
Video Gaming,” International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship,
8, 1, 34–47.

Kinard, Brian R. and Katherine B. Hartman (2013), “Are You Entertained? The
Impact of Bbrand Integration and Brand Experience in Television-Related
Advergames,” Journal of Advertising, 42, 2–3, 196–203.

Klimmt, Christoph and Tilo Hartmann (2006), “Effectance, Self-efficacy, and the
Motivation to Play Video Games,” in Playing Video Games, Peter Vorderer,
Bryant Jennings, editors. New York: Taylor & Francis, 133–45.

———, Dorothée Hefner, and Peter Vorderer (2009), “The Video Game
Experience as ‘True’ Identification: A Theory of Enjoyable Alterations of
Players’ Self-Perception,” Communication Theory, 19, 4, 351–73.

———, Christian Roth, Ivar Vermeulen, Peter Vorderer, and Franziska
Susanne Roth (2012), “Forecasting the Experience of Future Entertainment
Technology: ‘Interactive Storytelling’ and Media Enjoyment,” Games and
Culture, 7, 3, 187–208.

Krahé, Barbara, Robert Busching, and Ingrid Möller (2012), “Media Violence
Use and Aggression Among German Adolescents: Associations and
Trajectories of Change in a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study,” Psychology
of Popular Media Culture, 1, 3, 152–66.

Kretchmer, Susan B. (2004), “Advertainment: The Evolution of Product
Placement as a Mass Media Marketing Strategy,” Journal of Promotion
Management, 10, 1/2, 37–54.

Kuss, Diana J., Jorik Louws, and Reinout W. Wiers (2012), “Online Gaming
Addiction? Motives Predict Addictive Play Behavior in Massively
Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior
and Social Networking, 15, 9, 480–5.

Landsman, Vardit and Stefan Stremersch (2011), “Multihoming in Two-Sided
Markets: An Empirical Inquiry in the Video Game Console Industry,”
Journal of Marketing, 75, 6, 39–54.

Lee, Mira and Ronald J. Faber (2007), “Effects of Product Placement in On-
Line Games on Brand Memory: A Perspective of the Limited-Capacity
Model of Attention,” Journal of Advertising, 36, 4, 75–90.

Lee, Kwan Min and Wei Peng (2006), “What Do We Know about Social and
Psychological Effects of Computer Games? A Comprehensive Review of
the Current Literature,” in Playing Video Games, Peter Vorderer, Bryant
Jennings, editors. New York: Taylor & Francis, 327–45.

Li, Renjie, Uri Polat, Walter Makous, and Daphne Bavelier (2009), “Enhancing
the Contrast Sensitivity Function Through Action Video Game Training,”
Nature Neuroscience, 12, 5, 549–51.

Liu, Hongju (2010), “Dynamics of Pricing in the Video Game Console Market:
Skimming or Penetration?” Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 3, 428–43.

Lucas, Kristen and John L. Sherry (2004), “Sex Differences in Video Game
Play: A Communication-Based Explanation,” Communication Research,
31, 5, 499–523.

Malone, Thomas W. (1981), “Toward a Theory of Intrinsically Motivating
Instruction,” Cognitive Science, 4, October–December, 333–69.

Michaud, Laurent (2012), “Technical Architecture and Advantages of Cloud
Gaming,” Digiworld Economic Journal, 85, 203–9.

Microsoft (2013), The Results Are In: Xbox NUads Makes Traditional TV
Advertising More Engaging. Microsoft News Center. http://www.microsoft.
com/en-us/news/Press/2013/Jan13/01-07NUadsPR.aspx).

Mishra, Jyoti, Marla Zinni, Daphne Bavelier, and Steven A. Hillyard (2011),
“Neural Basis of Superior Performance of Action Videogame Players in an
Attention-Demanding Task,” The Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 3, 992–8.

NPD Group Inc (2009, May 20), “More Americans Play Videogames than Go Out
to the Movies,” Accessed at http://www.npd.com/press/releases/press_090520.
html.

Okazaki, Shintaro (2008), “Exploring Experiential Value in Online Mobile
Gaming Adoption,” Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11, 5, 619–22.

Park, Bong-Won and Kun Chang Lee (2011), “An Empirical Analysis of Online
Gamers’ Perceptions of Game Items: Modified Theory of Consumption Values
Approach,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14, 7–8, 453–9.

Parker, Geoffrey G. and Marshall W. Van Alstyne (2005), “Two-Sided
Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design,” Management
Science, 51, 10, 1494–504.

Poels, Karolien, Wouter van den Hoogen, Wijnand Ijsselsteijn, and Yvonne de
Kort (2012), “Pleasure to Play, Arousal to Stay: The Effect of Player Emotions
on Digital Game Preferences and Playing Time,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior
and Social Networking, 15, 1, 1–6.

Przybylski, Andrew K., C. Scott Rigby, and Richard M. Ryan (2010), “A
Motivational Model of Video Game Engagement,” Review of General
Psychology, 14, 2, 154–66.

Qin, Hua, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, and Gavriel Salvendy (2009), “Measuring
Player Immersion in the Computer Game Narrative,” International Journal
of Human Computer Interaction, 25, 2, 107–33.

Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick, Shu-Yun Peng, and Chin-Chow Yang (2006), “Time
Distortion for Expert and Novice Online Game Players,” Cyberpsychology
& Behavior, 9, 4, 396–404.

Ricci, Francesco, Lior Kokach, Bracha Shapira, and Paul B. Kantor (2011),
Recommender Systems Handbook. New York: Springer.

Rochet, Jean-Charles and Jean Tirole (2003), “Platform Competition in Two-
Sided Markets,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 1, 4,
990–1029.

———and Jean Tirole (2006), “Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report,” The
RAND Journal of Economics, 37, 3, 645–67.

Roquilly, Christophe (2011), “Control over Virtual Worlds by Game
Companies: Issues and Recommendations,” MIS Quarterly, 35, 3, 653–71.

Rosenblatt, Bill (2013), “Capitol Records Prevails in ReDigi Case,” http://
copyrightandtechnology.com/2013/04/01/capitol-records-prevails-in-redigicase/,
2013.

Rovio (2013), “Rovio Entertainment Reports 2012 Financial Results,” http://
www.rovio.com/en/news/press-releases/284/rovio-entertainment-reports-2012-
financial-results 2013.

Ryan, Richard M., C. Scott Rigby, and Andrew Przybylski (2006), “The
Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach,”
Motivation and Emotion, 30, 4, 344–60.

Rysman, Marc (2009), “The Economics of Two-Sided Markets,” Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 23, 3, 125–43.

Schau, Hope Jensen, Albert M. Muñiz Jr., and Eric J. Arnould (2009), “How Brand
Community Practices Create Value,” Journal of Marketing, 73, 5, 30–51.

Schiesel, Seth (2011), Lightsaber rattling in the online galaxy. The New York
Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/arts/video-games/star-wars-theold-
republic-vs-world-of-warcraft-online.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&).

Shankar, Venkatesh and Barry L. Bayus (2003), “Network Effects and
Competition: an Empirical Analysis of the Home Video Game Industry,”
Strategic Management Journal, 24, 4, 375–84.

Sherry, John L. (2004), “Flow and Media Enjoyment,” Communication Theory,
14, 4, 328–47.

———, Kristen Lucas, Bradley S. Greenberg, and Ken Lachlan (2006), “Video
Game Uses and Gratifications as Predictors of Use and Game Preference,”
in Playing Video Games, Peter Vorderer, Bryant Jennings, editors. New
York: Taylor & Francis, 213–24.

Shin, Dong-Hee (2010), “The Dynamic User Activities in Massive Multiplayer
Online Role-Playing Games,” International Journal of Human Computer
Interaction, 26, 4, 317–44.

Sinha, Rajiv K., Fernando S. Machado, and Collin Sellman (2010), “Don’t
Think Twice, It’s All Right: Music Piracy and Pricing in a DRM-free
Environment,” Journal of Marketing, 74, 2, 40–54.

Smyth, Joshua M. (2007), “Beyond Self-election in Video Game Play: An
Experimental Examination of the Consequences of Massively Multiplayer
Online Role-Playing Game Play,” Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 5, 717–21.

Spence, Ian and Jing Feng (2010), “Video Games and Spatial Cognition,”
Review of General Psychology, 14, 2, 92–104.

Statista (2013), “Global Revenue of the Music Industry from 2002 to 2012,”
http://www.statista.com/statistics/182361/worldwide-revenue-of-the-musicindustry-
since-1997/2013.

Steffen, Celina, Gunnar Mau, and Hanna Schramm-Klein (2013), “Who Is the Loser
When I Lose the Game? Does Losing an Advergame Have a Negative Impact on
the Perception of the Brand,” Journal of Advertising, 42, 2–3, 183–95.

Stremersch, Stefan, Gerard J. Tellis, Philip Hans Franses, and Jeroen L.G.
Binken (2007), “Indirect Network Effects in New Product Growth,” Journal
of Marketing, 71, 3, 52–74.

Superdata (2012), Worldwide Virtual Goods Market Reaches $15 Billion.
Monetization Still a Four Ketter Word. SuperData Research, Inc. http://
www.superdataresearch.com/monetization-is-a-four-letter-word/).

Sweetser, Penelope and Daniel Johnson (2004), “Player-Centered Game
Environments: Assessing Player Opinions, Experiences, and Issues,” Entertainment
Computing—ICEC 2004: third international conference. New York:
Springer. p. 321–32.

Takatalo, Jari, Göte Nyman, and Leif Laaksonen (2008), “Components of Human
Experience in Virtual Environments,” Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1,
1–15.

Take-two (2007), Earnings Call Transcript. SeekingAlpha [available at http://
seekingalpha.com/article/38017-take-two-f2q07-qtr-end-4-30-07-earnings-calltranscript?
page=2]).

Teng, Ching-I, Ming-Yi Chen, Yun-Jung Chen, and Yi-Jhen Li (2012), “Loyalty
Due to Others: The Relationships Among Challenge, Interdependence, and
Online Gamer Loyalty,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,
17, 4, 489–500.

Terlutter, Ralf and Michael L. Capella (2013), “The Gamification of
Advertising: Analysis and Research Directions of In-Game Advertising, Advergames, and Advertising in Social Network Games,” Journal of Advertising, 42, 2–3, 95–112.

The Economist (2011), “Special Report Video Games,” 404, December, 10, 3–12.

Thomson, Sarah (2013), Become a PlayStation Mobile Publisher for Free.
PlayStation.Blog. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/05/08/become-aplaystation-
mobile-publisher-for-free/).

Totilo, Stephen (2008), “Grand Theft Auto IV’ Posts Record First-Week sales,”
http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1586971/grand-theft-auto-iv-posts-recordfirst-
week-sales-report.jhtml, 2008.

Turner, John, Alan Scheller-Wolf, and Sridhar Tayur (2011), “Scheduling of
Dynamic In-Game Advertising,” Operations Research, 59, 1, 1–16.

Unsworth, Gabrielle, Grant J. Devilly, and Tony Ward (2007), “The Effect of
Playing Violent Video Games on Adolescents: Should Parents be quaking
in their boots?,” Psychology, Crime & Law, 13, 4, 383–94.

Venkatraman, N. and Chi-Hyon Lee (2004), “Preferential Linkage and Network
Evolution: A Conceptual Model and Empirical Test in the U.S. Video Game
sector,” Academy of Management Journal, 47, 6, 876–92.

Vernik, Dinah A., Devavrat Purohit, and Preyas S. Desai (2011), “Music
Downloads and the Flip Side of Digital Rights Management,” Marketing
Science, 30, 6, 1011–27.

Vorderer, Peter and Jennings Bryant (2006), Playing Video Games. New York:
Taylor & Francis.

Voss, Kevin E., Eric R. Spangenberg, and Bianca Grohmann (2003), “Measuring
the Hedonic and Utilitarian Dimensions of Consumer Attitude,” Journal of
Marketing Research, 40, 3, 310–20.

Waiguny, Martin K.J., Michelle R. Nelson, and Bernhard Marko (2013),
“How Advergame Content Influences Explicit and Implicit Brand
Attitudes: When Violence Spills Over,” Journal of Advertising, 42, 2–3,
155–69.

Ward, Lewis (2013), App Annie and IDC Portable Gaming Report: 2012
Review and 4Q12 Deep Dive. IDC Presentation. February 2013, https://s3.
amazonaws.com/files.appannie.com/blog/pdf/App+Annie+IDC+Portable+
Gaming+Report+-+FINAL+R2.pdf).

Waugh, Rob (2011), Modern Warfare 3 Hits $1 Billion in 16 Days — Beating
Avatar’s Record by One Day. Dailymail. 13 December 2011, http://www.
dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2073201/Modern-Warfare-3-hits-1-billion-
16-days-beating-Avatars-record-day.html.

White, Martha C. (2013), Game Over? Why Video-Game-Console Sales Are
Plummeting. Time Magazine. http://business.time.com/2013/02/11/gameover-
why-video-game-console-sales-are-plummeting/.

Wu, Chi-Cheng, Ying-Ju. Chen, and Yung-Jan Cho (2013), “Nested Network
Effects in Online Free Games with Accessory Selling,” Journal of
Interactive Marketing, 27, 3, 158–71.

Yee, Nick (2006), “Motivations for Play in Online Games,” Cyberpsychology &
Behavior, 9, 6, 772–5.

Zackariasson, Peter and Timothy L. Wilson (2010), “Paradigm Shifts in the
Video Game Industry,” Competitiveness Review, 20, 2, 139–51.

Zichermann, Gabe and Christopher Cunningham (2011), Gamification by
Design: Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps. Sebastopol,
CA: O’Reilly Media.